Thermal degradation modeling of flexural strength of wood after exposure to elevated temperatures

Abstract

Wood is being used heavily in single-family residential dwellings. Therefore, it is important to categorize their response when exposed to elevated temperatures for a sustained period of time. An important aspect of structural fire design is to assess postfire residual strength of existing structures. This study addresses this issue by developing models to predict strength degradation of wood after exposure to elevated temperature. The objectives were to (a) study the effect of exposure time on bending strength [Modulus of Rupture (MOR)] of wood at elevated temperatures, (b) interpret any relationships between different temperature and time of exposure using kinetics and a statistical approach, and (c) compare the two approaches. Two hundred thirty-two samples in total were tested in flexure as a function of exposure time and several temperatures. MOR of wood decreased as a function of temperature and exposure time. Rate of degradation was higher at higher temperatures. These results were fit to a simple kinetics model, based on the assumption of degradation kinetics following an Arrhenius activation energy model with apparent activation energy of 37.4 kJ/mol. A regression-based statistical model was also developed. The kinetics-based model fit the data better with one less parameter and predictions consistently matched the observed values, making the model preferred over the regression approach.     

香菇双单杂交育种初步研究

选用香菇的一个野生株（Ｑ）与一个栽培株苏香（Ｓ）的４种孢子单核体进行双单杂交，获得四个杂交后代。栽培结果表明：１，２，４号菌株产量明显高于双亲产量，其中以２号菌株产量最高，其生物转化率为８６９１％，产量优势为２１２９％，３号菌株产量高于双核体亲本Ｑ，其杂种优势显著。     

轴流泵模型多叶片安放角的数值计算

在同一轴流泵模型0°安放角数值计算结果的基础上,应用ANSYS CFX软件,选择标准k-ε湍流模型和可伸缩壁面函数,在不同的叶片安放角下,采用全六面体网格和经网格无关性分析的网格数,分别在定常和非定常条件下进行了多工况的数值模拟和外特性计算,并将计算结果与试验结果进行对比.在规范使用工具软件的条件下,分析了CFD数值模拟技术预估轴流泵性能的精度及其误差的特点.结果表明,非定常计算扬程值略高于试验值,而定常计算扬程值低于试验值,非定常计算的总体精度高于定常计算,且误差可控制在5%以内;定常和非定常预测的效率误差可控制在7%以内,且非定常计算的效率与试验效率存在一相对固定幅度的偏差,据此可用于修正同类模型效率的预测值.基于非定常计算的结果,进一步分析了叶轮和导叶圆柱面上流线分布、叶片截线压力分布和轴流泵过流部件各部分水力损失随叶轮叶片安放角和流量的变化规律,发现在小流量工况,靠近轮毂位置存在旋涡堵塞现象;在计算工况范围内,导叶段和出水段水力损失随流量的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势.     

中国荷斯坦牛初配年龄对繁殖性能的影响

利用扬州大学农牧场979头第1胎中国荷斯坦牛初配年龄及其繁殖性能数据,分析不同初配年龄对受胎情期数、产犊到受胎时间间隔、产犊间隔、妊娠期等指标的影响。结果表明:初配年龄显著影响受胎情期数和妊娠期长短(P0.05),18月龄配种母牛受胎情期数和妊娠期均最低,初配年龄对产犊到受胎时间间隔和产犊间隔均无显著影响(P0.05),但随着初配月龄的不断增加,奶牛产犊到受胎时间间隔和产犊间隔有逐渐降低的趋势。     

Spawning dynamics of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in the St. Lawrence River,Canada–USA

Maltais E, Daigle G, Colbeck G, Dodson JJ. Spawning dynamics of American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in the St. Lawrence River, Canada–USA.
Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 586–594. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract – The most northerly population of American shad (Alosa sapidissima), located in the St. Lawrence River, is considered vulnerable because of low population abundance and limited spawning habitat located at the upstream extent of the population’s anadromous migration. Here, we aimed to establish the temporal and spatial extent of spawning based on a novel hatch‐date analysis of juveniles. Spawning activity lasted from early May to early July. We found that juveniles captured downstream during the summer hatched later in the year than those captured further upstream. As a result, younger juveniles were distributed somewhat further downstream. In addition, we found significant multimodality in hatch‐date distributions at midstream and downstream sampling stations. Together, these results provide evidence that the 2‐month spawning period involved numerous spawning events that progressed in a downstream direction as the season advanced, rather than being restricted to upstream sites over the spawning season.     

高校教学网络的科学管理

本从NOVELL网常规管理、建立多重配置的无盘工作站、网络的安全运行措施三个方面探讨NOVELL教学网络的科学管理。     

耕地利用视角下全国粮食生产时空特征演变

为综合考虑耕地数量及各项因素对粮食生产的影响,基于对数平均迪式分解方法(LMDI)将影响粮食产量的因素分解为耕地面积、复种指数、种植结构和粮食单产四大因素,研究1996—2016年其对全国粮食产量变化的作用机制。结果表明:1)我国耕地数量持续减少,空间上呈现南部地区减少、北部地区增加的趋势,导致全国粮食产能重心北移。2)粮食单产、复种指数这些技术因素均是促进因素,其中单产提高对总产量提升贡献最大;期间耕地面积下降与种植结构调整则是粮食产量的抑制因素。研究认为,城市化过程中耕地面积减少不可避免,保证粮食安全不但需要严格保护耕地,而且必须强化"藏粮于技"战略实施,不断提高粮食单产与复种指数,以稳定与优化粮食生产。     

Population structure,genetic diversity,and sexual state of the rice brown spot pathogen Bipolaris oryzae from three Asian countries

Bipolaris oryzae causes brown spot in rice (Oryza sativa) inflicting substantial grain yield losses worldwide. Knowledge of the population structure, genetic diversity and sexual recombination of the fungal pathogen can help to implement effective disease management strategies. In this study, B. oryzae isolates sampled from Iran, the Philippines and Japan were analysed with 12 simple‐sequence repeat (SSR) markers, newly developed from the genome sequence of the fungus. Among the 288 B. oryzae isolates genotyped, 278 unique haplotypes were identified. High genotype numbers (richness) with even distribution (evenness) were found within the collection sites. Both mating types, MAT1‐1 and MAT1‐2, were present in each collection area, and the sexual state was induced under controlled conditions with production of viable ascospores. However, the tests of linkage disequilibrium rejected of the hypothesis of random mating. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) revealed that the B. oryzae collection formed three clusters, each consisting of isolates from different collection sites. Analysis of molecular variance (amova ) showed that genetic variation among clusters was 18.7%, with the rest of the variation distributed within clusters (R_ST = 0.187, P < 0.001). Statistically significant pairwise genetic differentiation was found between the clusters. These results show that Asian B. oryzae isolates are genetically diverse, and, overall, distributed in three groups. These findings will be helpful in managing the disease and guide the use of representative isolates needed for selection of resistant rice varieties.     

Genetic differentiation in populations of Exserohilum turcicum from maize and sorghum in South Africa

Exserohilum turcicum is the causal agent of northern leaf blight, a devastating foliar disease of maize and sorghum. Specificity of E. turcicum to either maize or sorghum has been observed previously, but molecular evidence supporting host specialization is lacking. The aim of this study was to compare the genetic structure of E. turcicum isolates collected from adjacent maize and sorghum fields in Delmas and Greytown in South Africa. In addition, the mode of reproduction of this pathogen was investigated. Isolates from maize (N = 62) and sorghum (N = 64) were screened with 12 microsatellite markers as well as a multiplex mating type PCR assay. No shared haplotypes were observed between isolates from different hosts, although shared haplotypes were detected between isolates from maize from Delmas and Greytown. Population structure and principal coordinate analyses revealed genetic differentiation between E. turcicum isolates from maize and sorghum. Analysis of molecular variance indicated higher among‐population variation when comparing populations from different hosts, than comparing populations from different locations. Lack of shared haplotypes, high proportion of private alleles, greater among‐population variance between hosts than locations and significant pairwise population differentiation indicates genetic separation between isolates from maize and sorghum. The high haplotypic diversity in combination with unequal mating type ratios and significant linkage equilibrium indicates that both sexual and asexual reproduction contributes to the population genetic structure of E. turcicum in South Africa.     

Genetic structuring and diversity patterns along rivers – local invasion history of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Asteraceae) along the Danube River in Vienna (Austria) shows non‐linear pattern

Ambrosia artemisiifolia is an annual weed from North America that nowadays is invasive in many countries worldwide. In Austria, numerous populations of A. artemisiifolia are located along the Danube River, especially along the ‘New Danube’ (Vienna). This area is characterised by ruderal and riparian sites, which are regularly flooded. To better understand the spread of A. artemisiifolia and its colonising behaviour along the Danube River, we analysed genetic structure and diversity based on 23 populations linearly arranged along the Viennese Danube riverbed and upstream, utilising the Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprint method. We generated 284 polymorphic AFLP markers across 446 A. artemisiifolia plants. The genetic diversity within populations was higher (HW = 0.091) than among populations (HB = 0.007). This result indicates A. artemisiifolia introductions from similar mixtures of sources or spread from a single already mixed introduction. Within our local setting, we were unable to identify neither source or sink populations nor an obvious linear genetic structuring. Genetic among‐population differentiation was low to moderate (amova ‐derived F_ST = 0.124). Lack of geographical structuring is indicative of highly dynamic gene flow, which is further supported by the absence of an isolation‐by‐distance pattern. Multiple introductions and non‐directional gene flow are most likely promoted by anthropogenic disturbance and human‐mediated dispersal. Our results demonstrate the ability and speed of A. artemisiifolia to settle in newly disturbed areas and the difficulties to predict invasion directions, as downstream river dispersal was negligible.